The Composition of the Standard Model Elementary Particles

The purpose of this paper is to describe the structure of the Standard Model  quarks, leptons and bosons . And suggest another possible quark and another possible hadron.

Knucks

I postulate that photons and the Standard Model quarks, leptons and bosons are all composed of smaller massless particles which I will call “knucks” (this seems like an inelegant name for something fundamental).  I visualize a “knuck” as shaped in our three dimensions like a child’s game “jack” or “knucklebone” with six “pointers”  in three axes coming from the center. I have assumed that the three axes are at right angles to each other but the angles may change in relation to each other.

I postulate that the fundamental electrical charge is one third the charge on an electron. Each knuck has one-third of the charge of an electron. There are positive and negative knucks. Electrical charge is conserved in all interactions. There is no conservation of knucks- they can be created and destroyed in interactions. The positive and negative knucks are each others antiparticles.

The six “pointers” all have different properties – two opposing “pointers” are for electrical forces,  two opposing “pointers” are for magnetic forces, and two opposing “pointers” are for gravitational forces. There are right handed and left-handed knucks. At the scale of the knucks all forces- electrical, magnetic and gravitational – are only in the direction of the pointers and are carried by Maxwell’s virtual photons and by gravitons.

I postulate that the knucks are massless but they carry all of the mass and energy in the universe in the number of  a property I am calling “rotations” – around their three axes – which I have designated as rotational units (RU). One RU has energy equal to one half of a Planck unit (3.3E-34 joule ). Knucks can “rotate” at different rates in each axis.

Photons

Photons of radio, infrared, visible light, UV, X-ray and gamma rays are pairs of knucks – one positive and one negative – moving at the speed of light in a straight path that we associate with a beam of light (primary path) and also oscillating normal to the primary path of the photon. The photon of electromagnetic radiation is made of two knucks – one positive and one negative –  bound to each other by gravity.

  Each knuck in the pair of knucks also moves at the speed of light in a direction normal (90 degrees) to the primary path for a distance equal to one fourth of the wavelength of the photon at which point it reverses its direction 180 degrees and turns toward the primary path. When it reaches the primary path it continues past the primary path for a distance of one fourth of the wave length at which point it reverses its direction 180 degrees and moves one fourth of the wave length toward the primary path – ad infinitum. The rate of cycling of the pair of knucks  depends on their energy. 

It seems obvious that the two knucks must interact with each other over the distance of one fourth of their wavelength and probably have a cross section for interaction that is relatively large. The two knucks probably rotate on the gravity axis.

Since a (very low frequency) photon with an energy of one Planck unit would have the energy distributed between the two knucks then the unit of knuck rotational energy (RU) is one half of a Planck unit (½ of  6.62607015E−34 joule). 

Knuck “Rings”

I  postulate knucks can form “rings” (they are actually polygons since the knucks move in straight lines). Rings with a net electrical charge (-ie.  +1/3, +2/3, +1, -1/3, -2/3, -1) behave differently from uncharged rings with an equal number of positive and negative charges. The knucks in rings with a net positive or negative electrical charge move in paths that depend on a specific number of RUs in the gravitational axis of each knuck in the ring. 

A ring of three negative knucks alone is the electron. 

A ring with five knucks- one positive and four negative –  is the muon.  

A ring with seven knucks- two positive and five negative –  is the tao. 

A ring with three knucks is flat but a ring with an odd number of positive and negative knucks is probably not flat.

The rings with an even number of knucks and no net electrical charge are the neutrinos. Neutrinos can have varied energy depending on their origin. The electron neutrino is a ring of four knucks- two positive and two negative. The muon neutrino is a ring of six knucks- three positive and three negative. The tao neutrino is a ring of eight knucks – four positive and four negative. The uncharged rings are more stable than the charged rings. The charged rings each require a specific energy to remain stable. The uncharged rings ( equal number of positive and negative knucks) are stable at a wide range of total energy. 

All the knucks in rings are probably bound together by gravity. 

Bosons

I postulate that bosons are linear arrangements of knucks (there are undoubtedly some angles instead of straight lines). The attractive force between the knucks in all the bosons is a combination of electrical and magnetic forces. 

The Higgs boson is made of eight knucks, four positive and four negative, bound together in a line (+-+–+-+  or-+-++-+-) with both ends having the same charge,  The W+ is made of seven knucks, five positive and two negative, bound together in a line (++++-+-). The W- is made of seven knucks, five negative and two positive, bound together in a line  (—-+-+).The Z is made of six knucks bound together in a line with three positive and three negative  (+-+-+-).  

The gluons are probably linear arrangements of four knucks with two positive and two negative knucks. They are lined up north to south (NS  NS  NS  NS) and they are also lined up positive to negative (+-+-).  The gluon needs a positive at one end and a negative at the other end to have a spin of one. There are eight different “color” versions of the gluon with only four knucks ( “color” is a property that has no relationship with the visual spectrum but is probably descriptive of the orientation of the knucks in the gluons and the quarks  that interact with them). This implies that the gravitation axis has two distinctly different “pointers” that can be lined up in multiple combinations. 

Leptons

I postulate that all the leptons are two dimensional.  I postulate the electron is two dimensional –  three negative knucks “oscillating” in a triangular path in a plane.  All three knucks have the same 1/3 negative charge. The positron is similar with three 1/3 positive charged knucks. 

I postulate the muon is made of five knucks – probably four negative knucks and one positive knuck “oscillating” in a pentagonal path in a plane. 

I postulate the tau is made of seven knucks – probably five negative knucks and two positive knucks “oscillating” in a heptagonal path in a plane.

“Oscillating” means the individual knucks continuously move in straight lines at the speed of light and turn abruptly -at their polygonal angle- probably halfway through their polygonal path and reverse direction at the end of their path .

I remember reading many years ago about an experiment that found the diameter of an electron was essentially zero down to 1.0 E-18 meters. Measuring the electron size is probably like measuring a flat plate with a thickness of twice the Planck length (3.2E-35 meters). A free electron made of three knucks with a combined mass of 0.51 MeV/c^2 would have each side with 0.17 MeV/c^2 and a side Compton wave length of 4.0E-11 meters. The electron as a whole has a  Compton wave length of 1.2E-12 meters. For comparison a proton has a  measured diameter of 1.68 E-15 meters and a  Compton wave length of 1.32E-15 meters. If the electron is spherical it should measure about 4.0E-11 meters and it experimentally measures less than 1.0E-18 meters.

The electron should not have a dipole moment. The other leptons, muon and tau, should have a dipole moment. The electron, muon and tau all have north and south magnetic poles. The antileptons are identical except with opposite charges. 

Neutrinos

I postulate that neutrinos all travel in a straight line (external gravity may deflect them like it deflects photons) at the speed of light in a direction which I will call the “neutrino path”.  The neutrinos are composed of  pairs of knucks. I speculate that the individual knuck paths are all in the shape of  “oscillating” polygons . “Oscillating” means the individual knucks probably move in straight lines perpendicular to the direction of the neutrino path and turn abruptly -at their polygonal angle- halfway through their polygonal path. They probably continue motion in a straight line and then reverse their direction of motion 180 degrees when they have “ counted” up to about  1E-43 at a “counting” rate determined by the energy of the knuck. The rate of “counting” is determined by the number of RUs in the polygonal paths. This “counting” of the energy occurs with each cycle of the knuck in a plane normal to the direction of motion. The knucks move in a straight line at the speed of light and turn abruptly. The knucks in all the rings are probably bound together by gravity.  The neutrinos are their own antiparticles. 

The electron neutrino is four knucks – two positive and two negative- in a square in a plane “oscillating” in a plane normal to the direction of motion and attracted to each other by gravity. It travels at the speed of light. 

The muon neutrino is made of six knucks – three negative and three positive-  arranged in a hexagon in a plane “oscillating” in a plane normal to the direction of motion and attracted to each other by gravity. It travels at the speed of light. 

The tau neutrino is made of eight knucks – four negative and four positive- arranged in an octagon “oscillating” in a plane normal to the direction of motion and attracted to each other by gravity. It travels at the speed of light.  

Neutrinos are different from the other leptons and the quarks formed from knucks in that their rings are electrically neutral and the positive and negative charges are opposed in every case in the structure.

Neutrinos come in three “flavors” : electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tau neutrino ( obviously “flavors” has no relationship to taste of food).  It is unclear why neutrinos change flavors but pairs of knucks are easily formed and annihilated. The muon neutrino could be made by adding a pair of knucks ( one positive and one negative) to an electron neutrino and a tau neutrino could be made by adding a pair of knucks to a muon neutrino.  The muon neutrino could be made by removing a pair of knucks ( one positive and one negative) from a tau neutrino and an electron neutrino could be made by removing a pair of knucks from a muon neutrino.There is no conservation of knuck pairs. The conservation of energy requires that the masses of the three types of neutrinos be equal during a conversion or explain where the energy goes or comes from. Neutrinos are moving at the speed of light and they may interact with other particles or other neutrinos and add or lose knuck pairs and gain or lose energy in the process.

Neutrinos could oscillate from corner to corner between the knucks with opposite charges or magnetic poles and such oscillations could play a role in changing flavors. 

Quarks

I postulate that the quarks are three dimensional and are composed of knucks. The “fractional charge” on the quarks is a misnomer – the fundamental electrical charge is 1/3 of the charge on a single electron. The various quarks have one or two excess 1/3 charges. The quarks with an even number of knucks per quark have a charge of +2/3 and the quarks with an odd number of knucks per quark have a charge of -1/3. The antiquarks are identical except with opposite charges.

All of the quarks incorporate “rings” of knucks – probably bound together by gravity . I  postulate “axles” in the quark structures. These are knucks oscillating back and forth through the center of a triangle in up, down and charm quarks and through the center of a pentagon in strange and top quarks and through the center of a heptagon in the bottom quark. Probably magnetic force is the attractive force that sustains the axle oscillations. Additionally the charm quark and top quark have one knuck ”circling” inside the ring in the plane of the ring and held in the plane of the outer ring by electrical attraction. 

I postulate that the “axle” knucks interacting with gluons are the source of the strong force. 

Specifically, the up quark is made of four knucks (3 positive and 1 negative), with two positive knucks  and one negative knuck moving in a triangular path and bound by gravity and a third positive knuck moving perpendicularly through the center of the triangle and oscillating back and forth – probably held by magnetic attraction and repulsion – like an “axle” in a triangular (lumpy !) wheel. 

The down quark is made of five knucks (2 positive and 3 negative) with two negative knucks  and one positive  knuck moving in a triangular path and bound by gravity and a positive knuck and a negative knuck pair moving in a path perpendicular to the plane of the triangle and through the triangle and oscillating back and forth – probably held by magnetic attraction and repulsion – like an “axle” in a triangular (lumpy !) wheel. 

The charm quark is made of six knucks – two negative and four positive – with two negative knucks  and one positive  knuck moving in a triangular path and bound by gravity and a positive knuck and a negative knuck as an “axle” and with a single positive knuck moving in a triangular path inside the center of the outside three knuck ring, in the plane of the ring, and held by electrical attraction. It is essentially an anti down quark with an additional knuck “circling ” ( in a triangular path) inside the outer “ring”. Most of the energy in the charm quark is in the knuck circling inside the outer ring.

The strange quark is made of seven knucks – four negative and three positive. It has five knucks at the corners of a pentagon and a positive knuck and a negative knuck as an “axle” . The five knucks forming the pentagon (three negative and two positive) are held together by gravity and are moving in a pentagonal path around the two “axle” knucks (one positive and one negative) in the center which are oscillating back and forth perpendicularly to the “ring” and are probably held in their path by magnetic attraction and repulsion.  

The top quark is made of eight knucks (five positive and three negative). It is configured like an anti strange quark with the addition of a single positive knuck “circling” in a pentagonal path inside the five knuck outer pentagonal “ring” and around the “axle” and in the plane of the outer pentagon and held by electrical attraction. Most of the energy in the top quark is in the knuck circling inside the outer ring.

The bottom quark is made of nine knucks – five negative and four positive. The bottom quark is arranged with seven knucks (four negative and three positive) at the corners of a flat heptagon and with two knucks ( one positive and one negative) oscillating as an “axle” through the center. The seven knucks forming the heptagon are held together by gravity and are circling around the two knucks in the axle. The two knucks in the axle are probably held in their path by magnetic attraction and repulsion. 

Probably all quarks are unstable unless they are bonded to another quark by gluons attached to the axles in the center of the quark rings. 

The Nature of “Axles”

Five of the six quarks are made of a “ring” (actually a polygon) of knucks with a pair of knucks oscillating in the center of the ring in a path normal to the plane of the ring. The up quark has only one knuck oscillating in a path normal to the plane of the ring in the center of the ring. I am calling the knucks oscillating in the centers of the rings “axle” knucks. The axle knuck energies are large compared to the energies of the sides of the rings in quarks so the path lengths of the axle knucks are comparatively short. The knucks in the axles are probably oscillating in a path normal to the plane of the quark ring. 

The rotation of the quark ring, the overall energy level of the quark , and the positions of the axle knucks probably determine the “color charge “of a quark.  “Color” is a property that has no relationship with the visual spectrum but is probably descriptive of the energy level and configuration of the quarks and gluons that interact with each other. The quarks probably maintain a constant ring energy and move into and out of energy levels (analogous to electrons which maintain their ring energy while moving between energy levels in atomic orbitals). An axle knuck probably remains a part of its quark but may also be part of a gluon. 

I am defining  “excess axle knucks” as the number of axle knucks in a particle in excess of the number of quarks in the particle. The stability of neutrons, protons and small atomic nuclei appears to depend on effective pairing of excess axle knucks. The proton which has one excess axle knuck is stable. The neutron with two excess axle knucks has a half life of about 10 minutes. Helium 2 with two unpaired excess axle knucks between two protons has a (surprising to me) life on the order of 1E-9 seconds. Deuterium with three excess axle knucks between the proton and neutron is stable. Helium 3 with four excess axle knucks is stable. Apparently each of the two protons pairs its excess axle knuck with an axle knuck on the single neutron between them. All other stable atomic nucleii have at least an equal or greater number of neutrons than protons.Tritium with five excess axle knucks between  one proton and three neutrons has a half life of about 12 years. Helium 4 with six excess axle knucks between two protons and  two neutrons is stable. All higher isotopes of helium  and hydrogen are unstable.

The interactions between axles and gluons and gluons with gluons are the source of the strong force.

Gluons are formed and decayed continuously in protons and neutrons and in the process they break into photons. Protons and neutrons do not radiate photons which means the photons generated in the actions and interactions of gluons do not leave the protons and neutrons- which probably means the photons generated inside protons and neutrons are contained inside the rings (triangles of knucks) of the up and down quarks that make up the protons and neutrons. 

Wave Particle Duality

It is necessary to realize that my description of the fundamental particles is limited to the “particle” side of the elementary .particles. All particles exhibit wave/particle duality. The proton has to be in the shape of a triangle made of three quarks but with its wave properties it acts like a hard sphere. In a similar manner the electron in a hydrogen atom has a mass and velocity. The electrons centrifugal force is countered by electrical attraction of the positive proton nucleus. But the electron occupies specific spherical orbitals and nothing in between.

Energy Relationships in Elementary Particles

 I remember many years ago hearing that physicists measured the diameter of a proton by shooting protons at each other but when they tried the same thing with electrons they came out with essentially zero diameter for the electron. The electron has a Compton wave length of 2.4E−12 m. The proton has a Compton wave length of 1.3E-15 meters. The measured proton diameter is  1.3E-15 meters. The electron diameter mesured the same way is less than 1.0E -18 meters

I remember hearing that Quarks had 1/3 and 2/3 electrical charges and I thought that was ridiculous based on Millican’s measurements. But when I realized that  physicists accepted this I postulated that the electron is made of three particles with 1/3 of the charge of an electron. 

Using Coulombs law there is a 4E-15 N force of repulsion between two particles with 1/3 of the charge of an electron separated by a distance of  2.4E−12 m and this implies that the forces inside an electron made of three individual particles are directional and not uniform. This is illustrated by the “right hand rule”. When moving electrons are oriented in a magnetic field the electric charge is directional – it is 90 degrees from the magnetic direction and not in any other direction.

This analysis is based on the postulate that the particles making up an electron exert their magnetic , electrical and gravitational forces from axes at right angles to each other and I visualize them shaped like a child’s game jack or knucklebone and I am calling them “knucks” ( an inelegant name for a fundamental particle ?). There are positive and negative knucks. There are right handed and left handed knucks if the six axes are all different. Knuck pairs are created in many particle interactions and knuck pairs can annihilate each other but charge is always preserved.

If the electron is made of three knucks then the only nonlinear arrangement an electron can have is a triangle and the electron is a two dimensional particle. A flat plate. Shooting electrons toward each other proobably means they will pass each other edgewise without collision and show essentially unmeasurable size. Shooting electron beams toward each other  at an angle or shooting neutrons through an electron beam at different angles should result in interference and allow calculation of electron size.  

Somewhere I read that in accelerators electrons scatter in the same manner that points, not spinning spheres, would scatter. 

Looking at the standard model of elementary particles I postulate that all the bosons are one dimensional, all the leptons are two dimensional, and all the quarks are three-dimensional. I have added the “knuck number” to the description of each standard model elementary particle. The knuck number of a particle is the number of knucks used to make  the particle.

Knuck number   Particle name      Particle configuration Mass (MeV/c^2)

(underlined means a ring)

Bosons

2   Photon + – variable

4 Gluon +-+- unknown

6 Z +-+-+- 91190

7 W+  ++++-+-                  80390

7             W-         – – – – + – +   80390

8 Higgs +-+- -+-+     124970

Leptons

3 Electron   – – –           0.511

4 Electron Neutrino +-+-               variable

5 Muon   +- – – –                   105.66

6 Muon Neutrino   +-+-+-   variable

7 Tau   +-+- – – –                 1776.8

8 Tau Neutrino   +-+-+-+- variable

Quarks

4 Up Quark +-+                    +           2.2

5 Down Quark -+-          +-           4.7

6 Charm Quark +-+     +-        +     1280

7 Strange Quark   -+-+- +-         96

8 Top Quark   +-+-+     +-        + 173100

9 Bottom Quark   ++- – +- – +-     4180

The bosons are linear strings of positive and negative knucks “bonded” together by magnetic and electrical attraction – they always line up north pole to south pole and usually positive to negative. I visualize them as strings of knucks formed in the nucleus and moving rapidly toward each other, accelerating, generating gravitons and annihilating each other with their energy somehow retained in the nucleus. This appears to happen even when the nucleus is only a single proton. The approximate energy in the bosons in the various combinations of knucks in MeV/c^2 is as follows:

north pole to south pole                               +11910

positive to negative                                           +5955

positive to positive and negative to negative (repulsion)       -2977

 photon – one positive and one negative knuck +-

the photons do not behave like the other bosons – they can have a wide range of energy

gluon four knucks – 2 positive and 2 negative   +-+-

gluon has  3 N/S and 3 positive / negative            

estimated   54714   no accepted value  

Z  six knucks – 3 positive and three negative   +-+-+-

Z  has   5 N/S and 5 positive / negative 

estimated  91190     accepted value 91190 

W+  seven knucks- 5 positive and 2 negative   ++++-+-

W+  has   6 N/S and 3 positive / negative and 3 positive / positive              

estimated 80394     accepted value 80390 

W- is the same

Higgs   eight knucks- 4 positive and 4 negative   +-+- -+-+      -+-++-+-

Higgs  has   7 N/S and 6 positive / negative and 1 negative / negative    

estimated  117987      accepted value 124970 

If the Higgs had a spin of one instead of a spin of zero it would fit better at    125055 

The leptons are all planar and are all connected in polygons. The knucks in their polygons are “bonded” together by gravity (modified by electrical interaction) and not by magnetic forces. The electron and the neutrinos are all regular polygons. The muon and the tau are not regular polygons and they have two different “bond” lengths in their polygon shapes.. 

The energy in the neutrinos is variable and depends on how they originated. The Electron Neutrino is four knucks , two positive and two negative, in a flat square. The Muon Neutrino is six knucks,  three positive and three negative,  arranged in a flat hexagon, The Tau Neutrino is made of eight knucks , four positive and four negative , arranged in a flat octagon.

The energy between knuck pairs in the “rings” of the various combinations of knucks, in MeV/c^2 , is as follows:

for triangle                              

positive to negative                                         0.05

positive to positive and negative to negative     0.17

for pentagon                              

positive to negative                                         6.9

positive to positive and negative to negative    30.6

for heptagon                            

positive to negative                                         95

positive to positive and negative to negative    650

Electron is a triangle  with three negative knucks

three negative to negative 

estimated   0.511         accepted value   0.511 \

Muon is a pentagon with one positive  and four negative knucks 

two positive to negative and three  negative to negative

estimated   105.6        accepted value   105.66  

Tau is a heptagon with two positive  and five negative knucks 

four positive to negative and three  negative to negative

estimated   1775     accepted value    1730

The quark particles all are composed of knucks in flat polygons  (none of these polygons are regular) similar to those in the electron, muon and tau but in addition they all have one or two knucks oscillating back and forth in a path perpendicular to the plane of their particular polygon. (Like axles in a wheel and for convenience I will refer to them as “axles”). The knucks oscillating back and forth in a path perpendicular to the plane of their particular polygon ( the axles) are held in their path by magnetic attraction. The charm quark and the top quark both have an additional single knuck moving in a polygonal pattern inside their outer flat polygon , circling the axle, and in the plane of the outer flat polygon and held in place by electrical repulsion – I will call it the “inner knuck”. The inner knuck carries most of the energy of the particle.

The energy of axles  in the various combinations of knucks, in MeV/c^2 , is as follows:

single axle inside a triangle              1.74

double axle inside a triangle       2.26                          

double axle inside a pentagon      18.9

double axle inside a heptagon                              900

inner knuck inside a triangle                                1270

inner knuck inside a pentagon                          172000 

 The up quark has two  positive knucks and one negative knuck in a triangle and one single axle inside a triangle One positive to positive and two positive to negative knucks   .27

One single axle knuck inside a triangle  1.74

total    2.01        

estimated   2.01   accepted value    2.2

 The down quark has two negative  knucks and one positive knuck in a triangle and two double axle knucks. 

One negative to negative and two positive to negative knucks               .27

two double axle knucks inside a triangle  4.52

total 4.79

estimated   4.79  accepted value    4.7

The charm quark has two  positive knucks and one negative knuck in a triangle and two double axle knucks 

The charm quark has  an inner knuck inside an outer triangle  1270

One positive to positive and two positive to negative knucks                     .27

two double axle knucks inside a triangle        4.52

total   1275    

estimated   1275   accepted value   1280

The strange quark has three negative  knucks and two positive knuck in a pentagon and two double axle knucks. 

One negative to negative and four positive to negative knucks 58.2

two double axles inside a pentagon 37.8                   

total  96                

estimated   96  accepted value   96

The top quark has three  positive knucks and two negative knucks in a pentagon and two double axle knucks. 

The top quark has  one inner positive knuck in a pentagonal path inside an outer pentagon  172000

One positive to positive and four positive to negative knucks                   58.2

two double axle knucks inside a pentagon             37.8     

total    172096     

estimated    172096   accepted value   172440     

The bottom quark has four negative  knucks and three positive knucks in a heptagon and two double axle knucks. 

Three negative to negative or positive to positive and four positive to negative knucks   2330

two double axle knucks inside a heptagon             1800

total               

estimated    4130   accepted value   4180 

There are undoubtedly other variables that need to be considered but generally using the same energy amount for similar  knuck arrangements in all structures gives a good result.  

Dark Matter

I postulate that conditions that result in the formation of up quarks may also result in formation of an unknown particle I am naming a “dark quark”. The dark quark has a ring of three knucks ( two positive and one negative) like the up quark but has a negative knuck for an axle where the up quark has a positive knuck for an axle. The postulated dark quark has no net electrical charge while the up quark has a charge of +2/3. The antidark quark is similar but with opposite charges.

I postulate that three dark quarks or a combination of dark quarks and antidark quarks could make a hadron that I am naming the “darkon”. The mass of the postulated darkon is slightly less than the mass of the neutron or proton and does not interact with the strong force in the nucleus of an atom.

I postulate that the number of excess axle knucks in the neutron (which has two excess axle knucks), the proton (which has one excess axle knuck) and the postulated darkon (which has no excess axle knucks) is the determining factor in the hadron particle stability and hadron ability to interact by the strong nuclear force. 

I cannot explain the absence of other hadrons with fractional charges if dark quarks and up and down quarks are regularly created together and can combine.       

Our current disfunction began when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. Our country rose up in great anger and sought vengeance. Nearing the end of a brutal war the Japanese military was determined to defend their home island at all cost- to us and to them. Firebombing Tokyo (100,000 dead and 1,000,000 homeless) left the Japanese military undeterred.

President Truman dropped atomic bombs on Japan – arguably the worst single war crime of the war. The Japanese military was still ready to fight to the finish.

Fortunately the Japanese Emperor was wise enough to announce the surrender of Japan and the Japanese people obeyed .  Dropping the atomic bombs saved millions of lives and gave the Japanese a new and much better government – it was the best thing to do.

But the commission of terrible war crimes did not go unpunished. The people of the United States were now the most powerful people on earth. We had atomic bombs and we were the mightiest on the earth. We were not humble and grateful.

President Truman should have led our country in sackcloth and ashes in a sincere prayer for forgiveness for committing the terrible act of dropping two atomic bombs on Japan. He should then have worked to eliminate all atomic bombs.

Instead our pride led to maintaining a more powerful military than everyone else. Our political parties vied to spend the most money on the military. Social Security was moved into the main federal budget to hide the size of military spending. 

Ronald Reagan’s unwillingness to collect taxes to pay for the military spending led to national budget deficits and the obscene number of billionaire oligarchs whose money is now distorting the political process. Taxing the poor is easy (look at the Tennessee lottery and the Tennessee sales tax that started at 2 percent in 1947)  but taxing the wealthy is difficult.  For unprincipled oligarchs it is cheaper to buy politicians than pay taxes.

I am 90 years old and cowardly politicians now in charge won’t much affect my remaining years but you younger people have big problems to solve:

1. Climate change is real and the cause is obvious. Read the Keeling curve and be wise.

2. Get rid of nuclear bombs or someone will use one. We live in a Mexican standoff.

3. Tax the oligarchs. Only aware voters can do it – nothing else will work.

The 2024 election seems to be overwhelmed by Elon musk, who has bought several media platforms and eliminated fact checking. The result is quite disgusting. I will give one example and then tell you don’t believe anything – particularly on a so-called “conservative” website – that you haven’t fact checked yourself.

https://www.instagram.com/robertfkennedyjr/reel/DA4WT-HvgVE

I condensed this from a longer article that is posted below in full.

I think she (Harris) zeroed in on this for a couple of reasons. When she was the San Francisco district attorney, she was learning things about who were the city’s homicide victims and who was committing homicides. And in both cases, she found that a lot of them were high school dropouts. And that’s when she started to think about truancy, because missing a lot of school is linked to dropping out of school.

one of the initiatives that has drawn the most attention is the truancy program that she pushed for in the state legislature. Passed in 2011, the law allowed district attorneys to charge parents with a misdemeanor if their children missed 10 percent of the school year without a valid reason.

The law she passed is still in place, and there was another truancy law on the books before she passed this one. For jurisdictions that mainly use the law to cite parents and take them to court, they’ve tended to use the law Harris fought for to bring up more serious charges. Other jurisdictions have embraced the spirit of her program, and use the law that she passed as the threat, in order to get parents to come to conferences and sit down with school officials and talk through what the issue is. So both things are happening.

I visited one jurisdiction where they’ve set up truancy courts, usually under the auspices of the existing family court. And that’s a place where they can get parents to come in on a regular basis, and the judge checks and makes sure that they’re complying with attendance requirements. And then once that happens, usually it goes off their record and doesn’t end with a fine or jail time.

Harris talked about regretting that some district attorneys had used this law, which she had fought for with good intentions, to crack down really hard on and to criminalize the parents. She has talked a lot about how her law was intended to give schools the tools to make sure parents work with them to solve these problems

Cheree Peoples.lived in Orange County, which is a fairly conservative, “law and order” type of county. The district attorney there was up for reelection, and he did a big truancy sweep under this law, which Kamala Harris had fought for when she was the D.A. of San Francisco and oversaw its implementation when she was attorney general. There was a big sweep, and one of the parents arrested that morning and perp-walked in front of some cameras was Cheree Peoples.

She was in her house one morning, and the police showed up and handcuffed her. She had time to put on a jacket over her pajamas. And when she was walked by the police out of her apartment where she lived with her daughter, there were news cameras waiting, and she was booked by the police.

The truancy sweep was part of a joint effort by the OC Gang Reduction Intervention Partnership and teams from the Buena Park Police Department, Orange County District Attorney’s Office, Orange County Probation Department, Orange Police Department, Santa Ana Police Department, and Santa Ana Unified School District Police Department.

Note that “district attorney there was up for reelection,”  Who was that district attorney who wanted publicity for his election campaign?  Republican Todd Spitzer. So the policeman and Robert Kennedy are wrong. The person who violated Cheree Peoples was not Kamala Harris but an unethical Republican district attorney.

Note that there were “news cameras waiting “.

Robert Kennedy posted a description showing how terrible Kamala Harris had been in treating a poor woman miserably. The police dragged the poor woman away early in the morning in handcuffs in her pajamas because her daughter had excess absences in school and the arresting officer said “you can thank Kamala Harris”.

The newspaper reporters and photographers were there for the arrest.

Most of the commenters on the post we’re enraged over how Kamala Harris had treated this woman.

But the bad guy was Republican Todd Spitzer – did Robert not know that?

This is the whole article I was using:

The Story Behind Kamala Harris’ Truancy Program

Kamala Harris, then California attorney general, speaks to reporters on July 11, 2012.

Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

Our latest episode of Code Switch, we took a look at vice presidential candidate Kamala Harris’s record as a prosecutor, and how she used her power as San Francisco’s district attorney and later, as California’s attorney general to shape the criminal justice system.

And of that record, one of the initiatives that has drawn the most attention is the truancy program that she pushed for in the state legislature. Passed in 2011, the law allowed district attorneys to charge parents with a misdemeanor if their children missed 10 percent of the school year without a valid reason.

In 2019, HuffPost reporter Molly Redden wrote about the families affected by this truancy program, including a Black mother named Cheree Peoples, who was arrested in April of 2013. She came on the show to help explain why this program, which initially launched without much criticism, ended up becoming so controversial, and why it disproportionately affected families of color. Here’s the extended cut of our conversation, which has been edited and condensed for clarity.

So I guess we should start with Cheree Peoples. Who was she, and how did she get ensnared in this truancy program?

Cheree is a mother in California, and her daughter has a chronic illness. Her name is Shayla, and she has sickle cell anemia, a really painful genetic disease that causes lots of complications. It’s pretty typical for people who live with this disability to miss a lot of school if they’re children. As her daughter missed a lot of school for valid medical reasons, Cheree and the school were in a dispute about how to accommodate and account for those absences.

POLITICS

Kamala Harris’ War Against Truancy: Was It Necessary And What Went Wrong?

She lived in Orange County, which is a fairly conservative, “law and order” type of county. The district attorney there was up for reelection, and he did a big truancy sweep under this law, which Kamala Harris had fought for when she was the D.A. of San Francisco and oversaw its implementation when she was attorney general. There was a big sweep, and one of the parents arrested that morning and perp-walked in front of some cameras was Cheree Peoples.

Take us through this perp walk. What happened?

She was in her house one morning, and the police showed up and handcuffed her. She had time to put on a jacket over her pajamas. And when she was walked by the police out of her apartment where she lived with her daughter, there were news cameras waiting, and she was booked by the police. What she said to me was that she was shocked. She was really floored. And she said to me, “You’d swear I’d killed somebody.” It felt to her like a really excessive show of force for what was essentially a misunderstanding between her and her child’s school.

So she sort of became the face of the truancy program in a way, as one of the most visible “perpetrators.” Can you walk us through Harris’s truancy program: what it was, how it came to be, how it worked?

[Harris] fought for this law, which raised the financial penalty and made it a criminal misdemeanor for parents, up to a year in jail, when their children missed at least 10 percent of school time. Big picture, [Peoples’s case] was one of the most extreme examples of how this law was used. More broadly, what the law did was create a more standardized way for local law enforcement officials to get involved with making sure kids go to school every day. And so very few parents were arrested and perp walked in this really punitive and splashy way. But what did happen to a lot of families is that they were ushered into a system that asked parents: Why can’t why can’t you get your act together? Why can’t you send your kids to school?

I thought it was really interesting to look at [Harris’s] involvement in this issue, because she didn’t invent the idea of punishing parents when their kids miss school. California already had a law on its books. Her innovation was to build a really standardized way for local district attorneys to get involved in pressuring parents to make sure their kids go to school. And a lot of education advocates were happy that she brought attention to the issue, because they say attention is actually the number one way we solve truancy. They think it’s really important to call people’s attention to the fact that, Hey, it adds up when your kids miss school.

The Complicated Role Of Black Leaders In Shaping The Criminal Justice System

What Harris also intended to do was to build a system where the school district officials, teachers and parents could all sit down and talk through the problems: Why isn’t your kid coming to school? What are the resources that we could give you to help make sure that your child goes to school every day? And what she sort of layered on top of that was, You will get a series of increasingly scary warnings from the district attorney if this problem doesn’t get solved. And that’s what people really put their finger on as what they disliked about this program: As the [absenteeism] issue continues, the blame increasingly turns toward the parents. The message becomes: We’re giving you everything. Why can’t you make this work?

And the reality is that the reasons why kids miss school so often are not totally under the parent’s control. But we just increasingly blame the parents. And that is a very typical American way of dealing with school. I mean, that goes back decades, and even hundreds of years. So it’s not fair to lay that all at Harris’s feet. But what people would say in response is that when you use the criminal justice system to solve social problems, you will criminalize people no matter how good your intentions were.

Just hearing how this plan was conceived, it was not hard to sort of surmise who was going to get caught up in the system. It was probably going to be mothers of color, probably mothers with disabilities or mothers of children with disabilities, mothers who might be housing-insecure or who were experiencing homelessness. Is that who ended up getting tangled up in this initiative?

It’s a little bit hard to answer that question, because California also hasn’t kept great data on who got caught up in this initiative. Harris wanted them to keep better data, but she didn’t get everything she wanted. But generally, when you look nationwide, all of the studies of truancy have found that the children most likely to be labeled truant are Native American children and Black children. And I think what’s really important to keep in mind is that education advocates have started talking about the issue as one of chronic absenteeism, rather than truancy. And part of the reason why is because if a child misses school for a valid reason, like they’re sick a lot, that’s an excused absence. But those missed days of education still add up, and still can cause some problems.

Truancy is more of a measure of blame rather than a measure of how much you’ve missed school. It’s saying; How much did you miss school? Oh, and it’s your family’s fault. And blame is subject to a lot of kinds of biases when we start making judgments about why kids go to school. And then there’s the fact that the reasons why children tend to be absent are all issues that impact people of color more and uniquely, like chronic illness, facets of poverty, access to reliable transportation. Everything that contributes to truancy is a factor that tends to overly impact Black and Native American families.

So when Kamala Harris is spinning up this idea in San Francisco, who supported it, and who was opposed to it?

I think she zeroed in on this for a couple of reasons. When she was the San Francisco district attorney, she was learning things about who were the city’s homicide victims and who was committing homicides. And in both cases, she found that a lot of them were high school dropouts. And that’s when she started to think about truancy, because missing a lot of school is linked to dropping out of school.

The way she described why she wanted to get involved was, “We need to do things differently.” But I also think she knew that, at the time in the mid-2000s, there wasn’t really a political downside to saying, “These parents are not meeting their responsibilities, it’s causing problems for society at large, and we should crack down on them for the good of the children.”

School Attendance In The COVID Era: What Counts As ‘Present’?

The law passed with pretty broad support. But some public defenders and others were like, Hey, wait a minute. Don’t you think that this is just going to be another way we crack down on people of color, on parents who are facing a whole lot of issues, some of which the state has caused? But at the time, those were not calls that were echoed more broadly. The skepticism was fairly limited.

It’s interesting if you think about the sort of conclusion she’s making. So if you don’t complete high school, you have a much higher likelihood of being the victim of violent crime or to perpetrate violent crime, and to have all this contact with the criminal justice system. And she was like, Okay, the solution to that is to open up another opportunity for them to have contact with the criminal justice system.

This is really, really common, right? I think it’s a case of looking at two symptoms of a really complicated web of problems and treating one of the symptoms. It speaks to the fact that she was a prosecutor, and so she had only the tools of a prosecutor. Part of the reason why she was looking at the symptoms and treating the symptoms [instead of the root problems], is that’s what we make law enforcement do in this country. We don’t spend money and commit resources to fixing the host of problems that precede that.

Kamala Harris’s record as a prosecutor had come under a lot of scrutiny even before she was named as Joe Biden’s running mate. So how has she addressed this program?

After we reported on Cheree’s case, Harris talked about regretting that some district attorneys had used this law, which she had fought for with good intentions, to crack down really hard on and to criminalize the parents. She has talked a lot about how her law was intended to give schools the tools to make sure parents work with them to solve these problems. But the general response to that has been something that you mentioned earlier, which is that this law brings parents and students into contact with law enforcement, often at a time when these families are really vulnerable, having issues with job loss or moving because of housing instability.

Part of why I wanted to look at this also was because to me, it kind of speaks to the limits of using the criminal justice system,which Kamala Harris has been a part of for so much of her professional career, to solve really big overarching problems. She’s talked about working from within the system to change it. And I think this is a really clear case of how there are limitations to that.

What is the legacy of the program? Is it still in place in some capacity?

The law she passed is still in place, and there was another truancy law on the books before she passed this one. For jurisdictions that mainly use the law to cite parents and take them to court, they’ve tended to use the law Harris fought for to bring up more serious charges. Other jurisdictions have embraced the spirit of her program, and use the law that she passed as the threat, in order to get parents to come to conferences and sit down with school officials and talk through what the issue is. So both things are happening.

I visited one jurisdiction where they’ve set up truancy courts, usually under the auspices of the existing family court. And that’s a place where they can get parents to come in on a regular basis, and the judge checks and makes sure that they’re complying with attendance requirements. And then once that happens, usually it goes off their record and doesn’t end with a fine or jail time.

More Than 6 Million U.S. Students Are ‘Chronically Absent’

An unfortunate thing is that California keeps changing the way that it measures truancy. Part of that is to keep up with our evolving understanding of what is actually important to measure. But they keep changing it, ask schools to measure it, and then they don’t really centralize that data very well. So we can’t really say if the law that Harris fought for brought the truancy rate up or down or made no change, because they’re not counting very well. And that’s not on her; she wanted the state to keep count. But it’s telling about the way that we approach criminal justice a lot in this country. We identify a problem. We pass a law. It goes into the bureaucracy. And now with Harris’s case, there’s a law on the books, and we don’t really know how this is impacting people’s lives.

What happened to Cheree Peoples and her daughter?

Cheree Peoples wound up fighting these charges in court for a really long time. They got passed among different prosecutors and detectives, and for a long time, there was pressure on her to plead guilty to this. And she wouldn’t do it. She felt like this was really unfair. She knew that the issue wasn’t that her child was skipping school willy-nilly; she had a good reason that the school was aware of, and that the issue was that she and the school needed to come to an agreement about accommodating her daughter’s disability. She held fast, and eventually the charges were dropped. To this day, she doesn’t completely know why.

While she was fighting this in court, she was also caring for her daughter. She struggles with employment because her daughter’s illness really takes a lot of care and management. It can be all-encompassing in their lives sometimes. This was a really tough time for her.

Market Street in Knoxville is unique with statues celebrating women’s suffrage. Men didn’t want women voting. Many men identify with politicians who are aggressive, loudspeaking jerks. Most women don’t identify with jerks and tend to vote for kinder and more intelligent candidates  – and women have changed politics.

The Republican party hasn,t caught up with women. With some exceptions (John Kasich and Nicki Haley), Republicans recently have chosen little puffed up men as their leaders.

 Newt Gingrich shut down the country because President Clinton didn’t invite him back for a chat on an airplane trip.

 Donald Trump wouldn’t allow a ship holding 21 Covid patients into the United States because they would have increased “my number” of Covid patients (we ended up killing 1,200,000).

Cameron Sexton wanted everyone to vote for him for house speaker. Gloria Johnson alone voted against him and the little puffed up man exposed himself  by assigning Gloria Johnson to a tiny office. And an unhealthy closet for her assistant. (Gloria moved her desk into the hall and gave her assistant the office.)

Our current senator, Marsha Blackburn, is advertising about how tough she is on “big tech”. She doesn’t advertise is how “tough” she was on “big pharma” when she changed the law to allow “big pharma” to flood the country with opioids ( we ended up killing 500,000 ). It was “unintended” but forewarned!  But “big pharma” donated big dollars . The Republicans get  some credit though – she is not a little puffed up man.

Knoxville’s current state representative, Gloria Johnson, is what the suffragettes immortalized on Market Street dreamed of. Gloria Johnson is a woman of courage, intelligence, thoughtfulness, experience, kindness and a genuine public servant who serves everyone while she is in public office. Gloria will be an excellent senator.

This is what I wanted to say but I cut it to 300 words for the paper:

Market Street in Knoxville is quite unique with the statues celebrating women’s suffrage. Men didn’t want women voting. Many men identify with politicians who are aggressive, loudspeaking jerks. Most women don’t identify with jerks and women tend to vote for kinder and more intelligent candidates – and women have changed politics.

The Republican party has not caught up with the women. With some occasional exceptions (John Kasich and Nicki Haley ?), the Republicans recently have chosen little puffed up men as their leaders.

Newt Gingrich shut down the country because President Clinton didn’t invite him back for a chat on an airplane trip.

Donald Trump wouldn’t allow a ship which had 21 Covid patients to land in the United States because they would have increased “my number” of Covid patients (we ended up losing 1,200,000).

Cameron Sexton wanted everyone- Democrats and Republicans -to vote for him as speaker of the Tennessee house of representatives. Why should the Democrats hold their noses and vote for a little puffed up man? Gloria Johnson was the only representative to vote against him. His response was to exercise his power by assigning Gloria Johnson to a tiny office with an unhealthy closet for her assistant. (Gloria put her desk out in the hall and gave her assistant the office.)

Our current senator, Marsha Blackburn, is spending a fortune advertising about how tough she is on “big tech”. What she doesn’t advertise is how “tough” she was on “big pharma” when she changed the law to allow “big pharma” to flood the country with opioids ( we ended up losing 500,000 mostly young ? people). It was unintended but forewarned. But “big pharma” kicked in big dollars so she could advertise her virtues. You have to give the Republicans credit for originality though – she is not a little puffed up man.

Knoxville’s current state representative, Gloria Johnson, is what the suffragettes who are immortalized on Market Street dreamed of. A woman of courage, intelligence, thoughtfulness, experience, kindness and a genuine public servant who will serve in public office.

Some politicians are genuine public servants and some are in politics for personal gain ( and remember Republicans recently are characterized by the little puffed up man who is their leader). I hope you watched him squirm when faced with Kamala Harris-another exceptional woman.

The Dark Quark

I postulate that a “dark quark” exists. It is almost identical to an up quark except that the up quark has a charge of +2/3 and the dark quark has no charge. I postulate that all the standard model elementary particles are made of fundamental particles which I am naming “knucks”. Both the up quark and the dark quark have a triangular “ring” composed of two positive and one negative knucks. Each has a fourth knuck oscillating back and forth through the center of the triangular ring of two positive and one negative knucks. In the up quark the fourth knuck is positive and the charge on the up quark is +2/3. In the dark quark the fourth knuck is negative and the charge on the dark quark is zero. The energy of the two configurations should be almost identical since the oscillation of the fourth knuck is probably due to magnetic attraction and probably little effected by the electrical charge differences.

The anti-dark quark is similar except it has a positive fourth knuck oscillating back and forth through the center of a triangular ring of one positive and two negative knucks.

The dark quark has mass and it may move rapidly or slowly but its movement is altered only by gravity since it has no net electrical or magnetic charge. Its mass is essentially the same as an up quark – about 2.2 MeV/c^2 – which is about five times the mass of an electron but unike the electron it may have a very short lifetime. It is likely that dark quarks will interact with other dark quarks to form “darkons”.

I postulate that a “darkon” is a hadron formed from three dark quarks held together by gluons. It has no charge and it is slightly lighter than a proton. It does not have the ability to bond with other hadrons. Protons and neutrons can bond together to make atomic nuclei but the darkon is not included in a nucleus. The darkon, like the proton, probably has an infinite life. The darkon is attracted by gravity but does not interact with electrical or magnetic forces.

Whatever process originally formed the up quarks in the universe probably also formed dark quarks and they may be currently formed in interactions involving W+ and W- bosons along with neutrinos.

I don’t think you will see this theory anywhere else.

The Nature of Existence

Existence is. Things happen in existence – and that is profound. This is one thing people will never understand.

Existence is infinite. Existence has never had a beginning and will never have an end.

The chemistry and physics that our senses detect lie in three dimensions but existence is infinite in distance , time, and probably in the number of dimensions. We think ours is the lowest dimension but there may be an infinite number of lower dimensions that probably do not have chemistry and we will never have a way to detect them. There may be an infinite number of higher dimensions that may or may not have chemistry and we currently have no way to detect them. (I am saying the fourth dimension is a higher dimension than the third dimension.) There is certainly a fourth dimension that effects us and probably a fifth and sixth dimension that effects us.

The total of everything in existence is zero. For every thing in existence its exact opposite thing also exists (for every up there is a down, for every in there is an out, for every positive there is a negative , for every left there is right , for every clockwise there is a counterclockwise– you get the idea) and was formed simultaneously with it and when it meets an exact opposite thing both thing and its opposite thing will disappear. Fortunately for us opposites can exist near each other for a long time.

Existence is steady state. Everything that possibly can happen has happened in every possible sequence an infinite number of times (but some things more than others). All things that can possibly be created are being created continuously and an equal number of things that have been created are ending continuously (some things take a long time to disappear).

There is no such thing as a particle. Everything that appears to be a particle in one dimension is a wave in the particles in the next higher dimension.

The Nature of Our Universe

I postulate that our universe is a pair of hollow hyperspherical waves in fourth dimensional particles expanding away from an initial point at the speed of light in the fourth dimension.The two waves are the opposite of each other – if they were combined there would be nothing left but (fortunately for us) they do not combine in such a way as to disappear (at least not yet). I call them the universe and the negaverse. The wave length of the universe is probably twice the Planck length and the universe has been recreated about 1.59E+61 times (with many more to go) during the 13.8 billion years of its existence.

Our two hyperspherical waves probably started from a single pointlike disturbance. With each wave cycle the universe creates a new negaverse one wave length further from the initial point and the negaverse creates a new universe one wave length further from the initial point. Ad infinitum. In our universe the principle of linear superposition holds – at least generally.

I believe the universe was initially two tiny parallel continuous hyperspheres made of small particles – half of them electrically positive and half of them electrically negative. Each pair of particles created similar pairs of particles as the universe expanded outward from its starting point at the speed of light. For some reason the universe broke continuity (when it was about the size of a softball?). The universe did not have any energy prior to its break in continuity but in the disorder following the breakup the attraction between the positive and negative particles and the velocity that resulted caused the creation of the energy of the universe.

Time

Time only means that something happened. It will never happen again. Something exactly like it may occur after it. The reverse may occur. But that only means that the thing and its duplicate and its reverse have all happened. Our concept and perception of time is a comparison between what happened and cycles we are aware of that occurred while it was happening. Our concept of a day is obviously the appearance and disappearance of the sun every day. For greater precision in time we compare things that happen with cycle times of light emitted from atoms. But all of our calculations involving time use units that can be converted to seconds which were originally based on the solar day.

Nothing happens to time when an object approaches the speed of light because time is not anything – cycles can speed up or slow down and we measure the change in cycle time by comparison with other cycles.

The Fundamental Particles

This analysis is based on three assumptions. The first assumption is that our universe is the surface of a hyperspherical wave expanding in the fourth dimension at the speed of light. The radius of our hypersphere (R) is equal to the age of the universe (T) multiplied by the speed of light (c) : R=Tc. The “surface area” of a hypersphere has the units of volume . The surface area of a hypersphere of radius R is 2π^2R^3 and this is the current volume of the universe. I am using the Planck length as the wavelength of the universe for convenience – it is probably something different . Since light travels on a great circle in the universe on a circumference of the hypersphere and the circumference is 2π times the radius. The radius of the universe (R) in the fourth dimension is increasing at the speed of light and the “surface area” of our hollow hypersphere (which is the volume of the universe) is increasing at a rate of 6(π^2)(c^3) (T^2). Light cannot keep up with the increasing volume of the universe and the fraction of the universe we cannot observe is 1/2π.

The second assumption is all matter and energy is composed of four dimensional particles which I have given the inelegant name of “knucks”. In our three dimensions I visualize them as like a child’s game “Jack” or “knucklebone” with “pointers” in three directions – all at right angles to the adjacent pointers and occupying a one Planck length cube. There exist an equal number of electrically positive and negative knucks. The pointers can rotate independently and energy is measured in the rotations of the pointers in what I am calling “rotation units” (RU). Each RU has a value of one half of a Planck unit.

If the universe wave length ( λ) is measured in Planck lengths then the number of contiguous knucks in the nascent expanding universe would be 2π^2(R/λ)^3 . This is based on an estimation that λ equals the effective length of side of a cubic knuck in the third dimension.

If the radius of the nascent universe is assumed to have been 0.15 meters ( it may have been up to 100 times less) when it broke up. The early universe volume when it broke continuity was 0.075^3 x 3.14×4/3 =.016 m^3. and it would contain .016/1.616E-35(Planck length)^3 knucks. The early universe would have contained 3.8E+102 knucks all adjacent to each other.

I postulate 13 knucks in a proton and 3 in an electron. If the number of atoms making up the matter in the universe today is about 1E+82 – mostly hydrogen- then the number of knucks in matter in the universe is about 16E+82. This estimate could be wildly off since every photon of electromagnetic energy currently moving thru the universe includes a pair of knucks and we can observe only a part of the universe. Also there is no conservation of knucks. If the amount of dark matter is five times the amount of detectable matter (as astronomers seem to think) then the number of knucks in the universe may be five times as many or 1E+84.

If there are currently 1E+84 knucks in the universe then the fraction of the original knucks remaining is 1E+84/ 3.8E+102 = 2.6E-19 which is a VERY small fraction.

The third assumption is the forces that are exerted across empty space are carried by discrete particles which are mostly waves in continuous fourth dimension particles ( Robert Boyles aether). The particles are gravitons and Maxwell’s virtual photons.

The positive and negative knucks emit what I am calling the Maxwell’s virtual photons with each cycle of the universe. Maxwell’s virtual photons (Mvps) are generated by all the knucks in the universe with each cycle of the universe but they are not actual photons (like those that result when electrons change energy levels). There are two types of Maxwell virtual photons (Mvps). One type of Maxwell virtual photon carries an electrical sign- either positive or negative – which I will designate as Mvp+ and Mvp-. The second type of Maxwell virtual photon carries a magnetic sign- either north or south – which I will designate as MvpN and MvpS. Each positive knuck emits one MvpN and one MvpS in opposite directions and one Mvp+ at a right angle from the MvpN and MvpS with every cycle of the universe. The corollary holds for each negative knuck , which emits Mvp-.

Gravitons are generated by the knucks in our three dimensions of the universe. Knucks cycle at a rate proportional to the energy acquired by the knuck and one graviton is emitted at each cycle of the knuck- which is not the same as the cycle of the universe. The graviton is emitted opposite the direction the knuck has been moving.

All force and energy changes are the result of gravitons and Mvps interacting with knucks. Each interaction between a knuck and a graviton or Mvp results in a change of one RU in the knuck.

I wrote this site for my campaign – which I lost. The ideas and issues are still relevant. Just put in the name of RENEE HOYOS as the good guy and TIM BURCHETT as the bad guy. Actually Tim is a nice person but his election will be a step backward and Renee will be the voice of the future.

Bob Scott

I did not write this but everyone who vilifies “the LEFT” needs to read it over several times (but they won’t)

0 THE BLOG 08/07/2008 05:12 am ET | Updated May 25, 2011
Right-Wing TN Church Shooter is Fan of O’Reilly, Hannity, Savage

By Jonathan Kim

On Sunday, 58-year-old Jim Adkisson entered the Tennessee Valley Unitarian Universalist Church during a children’s performance of the musical “Annie Jr.” In a guitar case, he carried a shotgun and 76 rounds. Adkisson killed two church members, Greg McKendry (60) and Linda Kraeger (61), and wounded six more before he was wrestled to the ground as he tried to reload. What was Adkisson’s motive? From RawStory:
A report from the local Knoxville news details the findings from Adkisson’s home, along with key statements from a document written by Adkisson related to an apparent motive behind the violent attack that rocked the suburban community:
“Adkisson targeted the church, [Investigator Steve] Still wrote in the document obtained by WBIR-TV, Channel 10, ‘because of its liberal teachings and his belief that all liberals should be killed because they were ruining the country, and that he felt that the Democrats had tied his country’s hands in the war on terror and they had ruined every institution in America with the aid of media outlets.’

“Adkisson told Still that ‘he could not get to the leaders of the liberal movement that he would then target those that had voted them in to office.’”

If any of that sounds familiar, it’s because you’ve been hearing the exact same claims coming from the right wing’s most prominent stars and spokespeople for years. It’s all there: liberals are ruining the country, Democrats are letting the terrorists win, liberals hate America, the liberal media is bamboozling the nation.
Carol Smallwood, a longtime acquaintance of Adkisson’s, said he hates “’blacks, gays and anyone different from him,” which is also consistent with right-wing ideology. In a four-page note Adkisson left in his car, he explicitly noted his hate for the “liberal movement” — the Unitarian Universalist church is well known for its liberal stances on homosexuality, civil rights, opposition to war, women’s rights, and multiculturalism. While another major cause of Adkisson’s rage was his inability to find work and having his foodstamps reduced, Knoxville Police Chief Sterling P. Owen IV noted “[Adkisson] did express frustration that the liberal movement was getting jobs.”
And how do we know that Adkisson was a consumer of popular right-wing thinking? Anticipating that he would be shot by police, Adkisson left the door to his house open to make it easier for authorities to enter. He didn’t want his motive and the ideology it sprang from to be a secret. From the Knoxville News Sentinel:
Inside [Adkisson’s] house, officers found “Liberalism is a Mental Health Disorder” by radio talk show host Michael Savage, “Let Freedom Ring” by talk show host Sean Hannity, and “The O’Reilly Factor,” by television talk show host Bill O’Reilly.
The right has already begun and will continue to claim that Adkisson is just a crazy nut, is not really a conservative (or is actually a liberal), that his stated motive of carrying out right-wing ideology means nothing, and that it is “inappropriate” to discuss politics in relation to such a heinous crime. But they are wrong on all counts. While Adkisson’s money problems surely caused him to snap, it was the words of the right’s loudest voices and brightest stars that gave him the justification for his rampage. Some quick Google searches turned up these quotes from prominent right-wingers:
“I’ll tell you who should be tortured and killed at Guantanamo — every filthy Democrat in the U.S. Congress.” — Sean Hannity
“To fight only the al-Qaeda scum is to miss the terrorist network operating within our own borders… Who are these traitors? Every rotten radical left-winger in this country, that’s who.” — Michael Savage
“Liberalism is the greatest threat this country faces.” — Rush Limbaugh
“It is not a stretch to say that MoveOn is the new Klan.” — Bill O’Reilly
“I’m thinking about killing Michael Moore, and I’m wondering if I could kill him myself, or if I would need to hire somebody to do it. No, I think I could.” — Glenn Beck
“We need to execute people like John Walker in order to physically intimidate liberals, by making them realize that they can be killed, too.” — Ann Coulter
“I don’t see any difference between [Arianna] Huffington and the Nazis.” — Bill O’Reilly
“The Islamofascists are actually campaigning for the election of Democrats. Islamofascists from Ahmadinejad to al-Zawahiri, Oba — Osama bin Laden, whoever, are constantly issuing Democrat talking points.” — Rush Limbaugh
“There are things in life worth fighting and dying for and one of ‘em is making sure Nancy Pelosi doesn’t become the [House] speaker.” — Sean Hannity 
Obviously, this merely scratches the surface of what issues daily from the mouths and keyboards of right-wing pundits.
And let’s make one thing very clear: these are not quotes from the fringes of the right, opinionated actors, and anonymous bloggers marketing to a small number of depraved kooks. These are from the right’s best-selling authors, their most popular radio hosts, and their most prominent TV personalities with audiences in the millions. Just this month, ABC Networks and Premiere Radio Networks gave Sean Hannity a five-year $100 million contract and Clear Channel gave Rush Limbaugh a staggering eight-year $400 million contract. O’Reilly, Savage, and Coulter’s books consistently land on the New York Times’ best-sellers list, many at #1. In fact, all three of the known right-wing books found in Adkisson’s house were NYT best-sellers.
Let’s just call this what it is: the right wing openly, proudly, loudly, and repeatedly advocates violence against liberals and Democrats. In fact, they are paid millions to do it and are given national platforms to spread their message. You cannot say that liberals and Democrats actively and purposefully want to destroy the United States and equate them with Nazis, Al-Qaeda, and the Ku Klux Klan, then claim that you don’t want them to get hurt. You can probably guess how Hannity, O’Reilly and their ilk feel terrorists should be dealt with, and it isn’t a fair trial with the full protection of the law and the Geneva Convention.
Now the right will claim that it is the left that is hateful and violent and that the left is “just as bad” or worse. To that I say: Prove It. And I don’t mean some comment on a blog from crazylib420 — I mean a quote from a prominent, best-selling liberal or Democrat who commands salaries in the millions of dollars. Show me when Arianna Huffington, Keith Olbermann, Bill Moyers, Al Franken, Michael Moore, Rachel Maddow, Markos Moulitsos, or someone from the “liberal” media repeatedly said that the News Corp. building should be blown up, Republican senators should be executed, that the only way to talk to conservatives is with a baseball bat, or that John McCain should be assasinated. If liberals are truly more violent than conservatives, this should be an easy task. Yes, Keith Olbermann has said that George W. Bush and his administration practiced fascism with their criminal collusion with telecom companies to spy on Americans without warrants, but that would only be offensive if you didn’t know what the definition of fascism is (according to Encarta: any movement, tendency, or ideology that favors dictatorial government, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of all opposition, and extreme nationalism).
The right-wing myth that it is actually liberals who are hate-filled and violent would be laughable if it wasn’t so dangerous. Because it is this perception that liberals are out to physically harm or kill conservatives that justifies the right actually committing violence against those whom they consider liberals. If conservatives feel a violent “war” is being waged against them by minorities, gays, judges, and liberals who want to see America destroyed physically, culturally, and spiritually, how are they supposed to fight back? The right consistently uses violent and warlike words and imagery to describe the domestic enemies they face, including the “liberal” media that Adkisson also blamed for the decline of America.
Adkisson did not open fire in that church because he was obeying imaginary voices in his head and did not know right from wrong. The voices in his head were from the likes of Savage, O’Reilly, Hannity, Coulter, and Limbaugh, and they were telling him exactly what was right (conservatives) and what was wrong (liberals, gays, minorities, Democrats) and who he should blame for all his and the nation’s hardships. I haven’t read the books Adkisson read, but I’m guessing they did not fill him with love and tolerance. My guess is that the books accomplished exactly what they were written to do — fill readers with fear and rage towards liberals. Adkisson himself said that he would’ve rather killed liberal leaders, but thought that killing liberal voters was a suitable alternative. Would Ann Coulter, who claimed “My only regret with Timothy McVeigh is he did not go to the New York Times Building”, disagree?
Meanwhile, back at FOX, they have imposed a near media blackout of this story, despite the involvement of its two biggest stars. I’ve watched enough FOX to know that stories about mass shootings, sensational murders, and missing white children/women are their bread and butter, filling the times when they aren’t attacking Democrats. But as of 9:28pm PT, a search of the foxnews.com website turned up not one story about the shooting. Neither O’Reilly nor Hannity mentioned the shooting on the Monday or Tuesday after the shooting. In contrast, both O’Reilly and Hannity devoted large blocks of their shows to the Virginia Tech shootings, and FOX did stories about it around the clock. But when their books helped provide the justification for politically motivated murder, Hannity and O’Reilly apparently can’t be bothered to address it, or even acknowledge that it happened. O’Reilly and Hannity are quick to blame violence on video games, rap music, liberals, and the decline of American culture, but they are silent when the hatred they explicitly espouse is acted upon. By not covering the story, FOX, O’Reilly and Hannity are not just protecting themselves, but also the violent right wing ideology that created the Frankenstein’s Monster that was let loose on the victims of the Tennessee Valley Unitarian Universalist Church.
Even though FOX won’t cover this story, it cannot be allowed to fade because some network or editor feels the murder wasn’t gruesome enough or the body count was not high enough to officially constitute a national tragedy and the accompanying media frenzy. Because no matter what conservatives will say, this shooting in Knoxville says something very important about the right wing and the messages its most prominent, powerful, most highly-paid voices are sending to millions of Americans. To be honest, I’m surprised that incidents like this are not more common, though I suppose it happens every time a gay person or any other minority is attacked simply for being who they are. But if a bout of economic hardship is enough to cause a right-wing true believer to aim a shotgun at his imagined liberal oppressors, this sad episode may be repeated for years to come.
(Research for this post by Max Schulman and Colin Eldred-Cohen) 
Follow Jonathan Kim on Twitter: www.twitter.com/ReThinkReviews

In thinking about socialism our government – almost without exception only gets involved or takes something over when the private sector can’t or won’t do that something in the best interests of the country. I have worked where companies polluted the environment and they would not stop unless they were made to stop. Kingston Pike in Knoxville was once a private toll road- can you imagine if all roads were little toll roads? They have private armies in some countries- no one thinks that is a good idea. Private health care has resulted in many people who don’t get the care they need. Well paid publicly employed police are needed to protect all the public and prevent corruption. The availability of patents is really appreciated by inventors. The private sector can do many things very well but often regulations are needed to prevent a race to the lowest cost regardless of any unpleasant consequences.
Unregulated capitalism quickly deteriorates to oligarchy. For a great example look at what happened to the poor Russians- they went in a few months from communism to unregulated capitalism with wealth concentrated in a few oligarchs. There should always be evaluation and correction but capitalism with well considered regulation and some functions run by government is the best current system even if people who don’t like government involvement want to label it a dirty word-SOCIALISM. If this be socialism, make the most of it.

Single Payer Medical
I have had medical insurance- I am currently on Medicare- for most of my adult life and I appreciate the feeling of security it gives me. The people who are against Obamacare and single payer insurance do not have any thing that will give everyone the feeling of security that we who are insured have. I pay more for my insurance than it pays for my illnesses and surgeries and I am happy to do so.
Medicare for all would be a very good system- Medicare has one serious problem, however. The US congress decides how much the doctors and hospitals are paid and congress- particularly when controlled by Republicans- will not pay what is needed for doctors and hospitals to thrive. A good single payer system- like Medicare for all- would be a benefit to our country and a person who knows about Medical costs like Phil Bredesen could really help -in that or in any debate on changes to the medical care system. The pharmaceutical industry spent 2.3 billion dollars in this decade lobbying and It shows incredible lack of understanding of reality for a recipient of a lot of that money to criticize a person with a degree in physics who has worked in the pharmaceutical industry and founded a large health maintenance organization. Or maybe she thinks voters won’t bother to discover that Phil Bredesen knows what he is talking about.

Please do not elect a climate denier to anything.
Carbon dioxide is a waste product when people burn coal, oil and natural gas and it is mostly disposed of into the atmosphere. Worldwide fossil fuel burning will result in about 35,000,000,000 tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere this year and this will raise the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 411 to about 413 parts per million, When I first saw the Keeling curve ( look it up) I thought it was interesting but not worrisome- the carbon dioxide yearly rise was only about 2 parts per million- but it has kept on going up from 315 to over 410 ppm and is still going up.
What does carbon dioxide do in our atmosphere? It controls the earth temperature. If we had no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere all the oceans would freeze. Do climate deniers know that? If we have too much carbon dioxide the oceans will get too warm and the ice caps will melt and raise the oceans by several hundred feet- goodby Florida!
Our generation must quickly stop extracting fossil fuels from the ground and go to massive solar power installation. We have the technology now- we never had it before and we have been given the technology just in time. All that is needed is the political will to lead the world into power generation without carbon dioxide.
People in the past have done remarkable things- the Egyptian pyramids, the pre Columbian Indian towns made without iron, the mound builders. Now it is our turn to do something wonderful for our children but like the great wall of China it can’t be done without political leaders who have the ability to understand the damage climate deniers are doing right now and stand up as leaders.
Everything else can wait- we humans have to turn the Keeling curve downward and do it now.
Do not vote for any candidate for any office who will not promise to lead on cutting out carbon dioxide emissions by massively increasing renewable power generation. Find out who they are.

Abortion letter
We got a blind phone call from a man who said he represented a “ pro life “ organization. This was a misrepresentation- he represented an organization that opposes legal abortions. The pretext is that Roe vs Wade initiated millions of abortions and repealing it will save millions of unborn children. Anyone who favors legal abortions is a baby killing murderer. The facts are never stated- only the emotional scream that the Democrats are evil people who “rip the innocent baby out” and murder it and sell the parts for a profit.
Worldwide about half of all pregnancies are unwanted and about half of the unwanted pregnancies end in abortion – whether they are legal or not. If you really want fewer abortions then you need to have abortions safe and legal so you can know how many there are and devise policies to reduce the number. If you want to stop all abortions you should move to another planet. Making birth control readily available seems to be the most effective way to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies and concurrently the number of abortions. Good education also helps.
Under presidents Clinton and Obama the number of abortions in the United States was trending down. The Republican fight against birth control and safe, legal abortions will reverse the downward trend and there will be more abortions but screaming about murdering babies will still blind many well intentioned people and raise money and influence votes. And people who voted for Trump and believe Fox News are probably not willing to understand this.
If you think outlawing abortions solves problems then maybe you think outlawing alcohol and drugs solves problems?

Theodore Roosevelt National Park Is one of our country”s treasures.

I have worked in refineries and chemical plants and I know they are serious sources of air pollution because the operators cut corners and ignore spills and venting. A responsible company would not be building next to a national park and the fact that a company plans such a plant is evidence that it is irresponsible and it will have poor management. Responsible management starts at the top and there is essentially no chance the plant will be run to minimize air pollution. It will be run to lower operating costs. I ask you to google Bhopal to see how poorly irresponsible plants are run. The Bhopal plant management removed the air conditioning on a tank and didn’t even reset the alarm temperature- and killed thousands of people. I have seen how poorly some companies act and the fact that this company is siting a plant next to a national treasure is an Indictment- whatever they pontificate about how great they are.

There is a more suitable location. Large-scale industrial development does not belong next to a national park.

I hope you care about America’s natural and cultural heritage. I hope you will reconsider the significance of this storied landscape and relocate the refinery to a more suitable location where Theodore Roosevelt National Park will not be affected.

I appreciate your consideration.